July 2006

Addendum

DARE

Addendum on v2.0

Download

December 2004

2.0

DARE

Second edition to be used starting from December 1 2004

Download

October 2003

1.0

DARE

First edition to be used starting from November 1 2003

Download

September 2003

0.2

DARE

Second internal version presented to project managers

August 2003

0.1

DARE

First internal version presented to project managers

Basic element

Status

Encoding schemes

Title

M

None

Creator

M

None

Subject

MA

Choice of keywords and classifications is free

Description

MA

None
"Abstract" is the default value for dc:description

Publisher

MA

None

Contributor

O

None

Date

M

Date | ISO 8601 W3C-DTF
"Created" is the default value for dc:date

Type

M

METIS-list with additional DCMI types.

Format

R

IANA list of MIME types

Identifier

M

URI

Source

O

None

Language

R

ISO 639-1

Relation

R

none

Coverage

O

Period

Rights

M

None

Audience

O

None

Basic element

Refinement

Status

Encoding schemes

Title

-

M

None

Alternative

MA

Creator

-

M

None

Subject

GOO, NBC, LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC, UDC, LOCAL

MA

Choice of keywords and classifications is free. Use refinements when appropriate.

Description

-

MA

None

TableOfContents

R

Abstract

R

Publisher

-

MA

None

Contributor

-

O

None

Date

-
dateAccepted
dateCopyrighted
Created
Valid
Available
Issued
Modified
dateSubmitted

M
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R

Date | ISO 8601 W3C-DTF
Created is default in mapping

Type

-

M

METIS-list with additional DCMI types.

Format

-
Extent
Medium

R
R
R

IANA list of MIME types

Identifier

-
Bibl. citation

M
R

URI

Source

-

O

None

Language

-

R

ISO 639-1

Relation

-
Isversionof
Hasversion
Replacedby
Replaces
Requiredby
Requires
Ispartof
Haspart
Isreferredby
References
Isformatof
hasFormat
Conformsto

R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R

None

Coverage

-
Spatial
 
 
 
Temporal

O
R
 
 
 
R

Point
ISO 3166
Box
TGN
Period

Rights

-
Access rights
License
Rights holder

M
MA
O
O

None

Audienc

-
 
Mediator
Education level

O

O
O

None

Element name

Title

DCMI definition

A name given to the resource. Typically, a Title will be a name by which the resource is formally known.

Usage

Mandatory

User instruction

Preserve the original wording, order and spelling of the resource title. Only capitalize proper nouns. Punctuation need not reflect the usage of the original. Subtitles should be separated from the title by a colon.
If necessary, repeat this element for multiple titles.

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

Alternative (Mandatory if present). [DCMI:]Any form of the title used as a substitute or alternative to the formal title of the resource. This qualifier can include Title abbreviations as well as translations.

Examples

Qualified DC
<dc:title>Main title</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>Parallel title</dcterms:alternative>

<dc:title> Tractatus logico-philosophicus</dc:title>
<dcterms:alternative>Logisch-philosophische Abhandlung</dcterms:alternative>

Simple DC
<dc:title>Main title, Parallel title </dc:title>

<dc:title>Preliminary studies for the "Philosophical Investigations", generally known as the blue and brown books </dc:title>

Scheme

Not applicable

Element name

Creator

DCMI definition

An entity primarily responsible for making the content of the resource. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.

Usage

Mandatory

User instruction

Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service.
If necessary, repeat this element for multiple authors.

Personal names should be listed surname or family name first, followed by forename or given name or initial followed by a full stop. Separate the surname (or family name) from the forenames, given names or initials with a comma. Generational suffixes (Jr., Sr., etc.) should follow the family name. When in doubt, give the name as it appears, and do not invert. Omit titles (like "dr", "ir" etc.)

Use inverted name, so: surname, forename, prefix <dc:creator> Janssen, J. </dc:creator>

When initial and full name are both available use this formatting:
<dc:creator> Janssen, J. (John)</dc:creator>

In the case of organizations where there is clearly a hierarchy present, list the parts of the hierarchy from largest to smallest, separated by full stops. If it is not clear whether there is a hierarchy present, or unclear which is the larger or smaller portion of the body, give the name as it appears in the resource.
Only encode organisations in this element to indicate corporate authorship, not to indicate the affiliation of an individual.

The inclusion of personal and corporate name headings from authority lists constructed according to local or national thesaurus files is optional.
In cases of lesser responsibility, other than authorship, use dc:contributor. If the nature of the responsibility is ambiguous, recommended best practice is to use dc:publisher for organizations, and dc:creator for individuals.

Do not confuse with

Contributor (see also User instruction above).
Publisher.
The DC element 'creator' describes the name(s) of the creator(s) of the resource, as mentioned in the resource, whereas the DC element 'contributor' describes the scientist(s) that has/have made contributions to the given scientific output, not as a primary creator or (commercial) publisher.

Refinements

-

Examples

<dc:creator>Sulston, John E.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Evans, R.J.</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Walker Jnr., John</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium</dc:creator>
<dc:creator>Loughborough University. Department of Computer Science</dc:creator>

Scheme

Not applicable

Element name

Subject

DCMI definition

The topic of the resource. Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keyword, key phrases or classification codes that describe the intellectual content of the resource.

Usage

Mandatory when applicable

User instruction

In the DC subject element two kinds of values are possible. The first - the use of keywords - is mandatory. The second - the use of a classification - is optional.

Use the first occurrence of the DC element 'subject' for a keyword.
In general, choose the most significant and unique words for keywords, avoiding those too general to describe a particular resource. If the subject of the resource is a person or an organization, use the same form of the name as you would if the person or organization were an author, but do not repeat the name in the dc:creator element.
For free-text keywords either encode multiple terms with a semi-colon separating each keyword; or repeat the element for each term. There are no requirements regarding the capitalization of keywords though internal (within archive) consistency is recommended.
Where terms are taken from a standard classification scheme: encode each term in a separate element. Encode the complete subject descriptor according to the relevant scheme. Use the capitalisation and punctuation used in the original scheme.

Use a separate occurrence of the DC element 'subject' for the classification code.
When appropriate use the standard DC refinements LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC or UDC. When GOO or NBC is used use "GOO" or "NBC" as refinement. In all other cases use "LOCAL" as refinement.

Do not confuse with

Type.
DC element 'subject' describes the topic(s) of an resource; DC element 'type' describes the kind of academic output the resource is a representation of.

Refinements

LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC, UDC, GOO, NBC and LOCAL

Examples

<dc:subject>polar oceanography; boundary current; mass transport;
water masses; halocline; mesoscale eddies</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>World War, 1939-1945--Germany</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Germany-- History--1933-1945</dc:subject>
<dc:subject>Hitler, Adolf, 1889-45</dc:subject>

Scheme

LCSH, MESH, DDC, LCC, UDC, NBC and GOO

Element name

Description

DCMI definition

An account of the content of the resource. Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, table of contents, reference to a graphical representation of content or a free-text account of the content.

Usage

Mandatory if applicable

User instruction

This element is used for a textual description of the content. When a resource consists of several separate physical object files, do not use dc:description to list the URL's of these files.

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

Tableofcontent (recommended) [DCMI:] A list of subunits of the content of the resource.
Abstract (recommended) [DCMI:] A summary of the content of the resource.

Examples

<dc:description>Inleiding; 5 hoofdstukken over geschiedenis; 2 hoofdstukken met praktische tips; index</dc:description>
<dcterms:tableofcontent>Foreword [by] Hazel Anderson; Introduction; The scientific heresy: transformation of a society; Consciousness as causal reality [etc]</dcterms:tableofcontent>
<dcterms:abstract>A number of problems in quantum state and system identification are addressed. </dcterms:abstract>

Scheme

Not applicable

Element name

Publisher

DCMI definition

An entity responsible for making the resource available. Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.

Usage

Mandatory if applicable

User instruction

The (commercial or non-commercial) publisher of the resource; not the (sub)institution the author is affiliated with. Publisher is used only in the bibliographic / functional sense, not an organisational one. Use only the full name of the given (commercial) publisher, not the name of an organization or institute that is otherwise [in a broader sense] associated with the creator.
With university publications place the name of the faculty and/or research group or research school after the name of the university.
In the case of organizations where there is clearly a hierarchy present, list the parts of the hierarchy from largest to smallest, separated by full stops. If it is not clear whether there is a hierarchy present, or unclear which is the larger or smaller portion of the body, give the name as it appears in the eprint.
The use of publisher names from authority lists constructed according to local or national thesaurus files is optional.

Do not confuse with

• Contributor
  
• Creator
  In most cases the publisher and the creator are not the same.

Refinements

-

Examples

<dc:publisher>Loughborough University. Department of Computer Science</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Cambridge. Department of Earth Sciences</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Oxford. Museum of the History of Science</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Reading. Rural History Centre</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>University of Exeter. Institute of Cornish Studies</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>European Bioinformatics Institute</dc:publisher>
<dc:publisher>John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US)</dc:publisher>

Scheme

Not applicable

Element name

Contributor

DCMI definition

An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.

Usage

Optional

User instruction

Examples of contributors are: a supervisor, editor, technician or data collector.
Personal names should be listed as: see instructions under Creator.

A "promotor", i.e. a professor supervising a student's work for a doctor's degree - is considered a contributor of a dissertation in his or her role as promotor / examiner.

In the case of organizations : see instructions under Creator
The inclusion of personal and corporate name headings from authority lists constructed according to local or national thesaurus files is optional.

Do not confuse with

-Creator
-Publisher
The DC element contributor describes the scientist(s) that has/have made contributions to the given scientific output, not as a primary creator or (commercial) publisher.

Refinements

-

Examples

<dc:contributor>Sulston, John E.</dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor>Evans, R. J</dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor>International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium</dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor>Loughborough University. Department of Computer Science</dc:contributor>

Scheme

Not applicable

Element name

Date

DCMI definition

A date associated with an event in the life cycle of the resource. Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format.

Usage

Mandatory

User instruction

The date should be formatted according to the W3C encoding rules for dates and times :

Complete date:
YYYY-MM-DD (eg 1997-07-16)

where:
YYYY [four-digit year] is mandatory
MM [two-digit month (01=January, etc.)] is optional
DD [two-digit day of month (01 through 31)] is optional

In the DC element 'date' the most notable differences occur between acting as a data provider based on basic DC unqualified and DC qualified. Where values in other DC elements could - within reason - be interpreted by the user, the values in the date element are excactly similar and context (provided by the DC refinements) is necessary to interpret the values. Based on these observations the following is stated.

Basic DC unqualified: use the DC element 'date' for the value [of the refinement]: 'date created'.
DC qualified: Use of all refinements is permitted / optional, depending of and according to the level of distinction the data provider can make and is willing to offer in harvesting.

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

DateAccepted (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of acceptance of the resource (e.g. of thesis by university department, of article by journal, etc.).
DateCopyrighted (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of a statement of copyright.
Created (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of creation of the resource.
Valid (Optional) {DCMI:] Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.
Available (Optional) [DCMI:] Date (often a range) that the resource will become or did become available.
Issued (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of formal issuance (e.g., publication) of the resource.
Modified (Optional) [DCMI:] Date on which the resource was changed.
DateSubmitted (Optional) [DCMI:] Date of submission of the resource (e.g. thesis, articles, etc.).

Examples

<dc:date>2000-12-25</dc:date>
<dc:date>1999</dc:date>
<dc:date>2003-01</dc:date>

Schema

Date | ISO 8601 W3C-DTF see: http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime

Element name

Type

DCMI definition

The type of scientific output the resource is a manifestation of. In the DC element type the kind of dissemination, or the intellectual and/or content type of the resource is described. It is used to explain to the user what kind of resource he is looking at. Is it a book or an article. Was it written for internal or external use. Etc.

Usage

Mandatory. In every metadata record one DC element 'type' should be used.

User instruction

Use the first occurrence of the DC element 'type' for the type indication of the scientific output. The list shown below is identical with the list used within the Metis application. Repeat if applicable. Use the text, not the numbers.

1. Annotation
   
2. Article / Letter to editor
   
3. Article in monograph or in proceedings
   
4. Book (monograph)
   
5. Book review
   
6. Book editorial
   
7. Collection
   
8. Commission report or memorandum
   
9. Conference lecture
   
10. Conference report
    
11. Contribution for newspaper or weekly magazine
    
12. Dataset
    
13. Dissertation
    
14. Documentation for grant request
    
15. Educational material
    
16. Event
    
17. External research report
    
18. Inaugural lecture
    
19. Interactive resource
    
20. Internal report
    
21. Newsletter
    
22. Newspaper article
    
23. Part of book or chapter of book
    
24. Patent
    
25. Physical resource
    
26. Preprint
    
27. Report for financing agency (grants)
    
28. Research paper
    
29. Service
    
30. Set of images
    
31. Software
    
32. Sound
    
33. Statistical report
    
34. Still image (photo, video, movie)
    
35. Student thesis
    
36. Technical documentation
    
37. Working material

Do not confuse with

Format
DC element 'type' describes the kind of academic output the resource is a representation of. DC element 'format' describes the media type of this resource.

Refinements

-

Examples

<dc:type>preprint</dc:type>

Scheme

• Metis - Publication types
  See about Metis: http://metis.hosting.kun.nl/metis/default.cfm?i=aboutmetis
  See Metis Guide: Metis Guide (PDF): http://aptest.uci.kun.nl/metis/service/attach_document.cfm?docu=metisguide.pdf&dir=handleidingen
  DCMI Type description: http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-type-vocabulary/

Element name

Format

DCMI definition

The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats).

Usage

Recommended

User instruction

The DC element 'format' is used in order to give DARE partners the necessary context to base services on. A DARE partner can selectively harvest those records that link to resources that use or operate on software, hardware or other equipment that is supported by the DARE partner's institute.

More than one object linked to one specific resource.
If one specific resource (an instance of scientific output) has more then one physical formats (e.g. postscript and pdf) stored as different object files, all formats are mentioned in the DC element 'format', for example:

<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:format>application/postscript</dc:format>

Based on best practice, the IANA registered list of Internet Media Types (MIME types) is used to select a term from. A subset of this MIME type list will suffice for DARE purposes.
Type                             Subtype
--                                  --
text                              plain
                                    richtext
                                    enriched
                                    tab-separated-values
                                    html
                                    sgml
                                    xml

application                  octet-stream
                                    postscript
                                    rtf
                                    applefile
                                    mac-binhex40
                                    wordperfect5.1
                                    pdf
                                    zip
                                    macwriteii
                                    msword
                                    sgml
                                    ms-excel
                                    ms-powerpoint
                                    ms-project
                                    ms-works

image                          jpeg
                                    gif
                                    tiff
                                    png
                                    jpeg2000
                                    sid

audio                           wav
                                    mp3

video                           quicktime
                                    mpeg1
                                    mpeg2
                                    mpeg3
                                    avi

Do not confuse with

Type
DC element 'format' describes the media type of this resource. DC element 'type' describes the kind of academic output the resource is a representation of.

Refinements

Extent (Optional) [DCMI:] The size or duration of the resource. E.g. number of pages of an article.
Medium (Optional) [DCMI:] The material or physical carrier of the resource.

Examples

<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
<dc:format>video/quicktime</dc:format>

Scheme

the IANA registered list of Internet Media Types (MIME types)
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/

Element name

Identifier

DCMI definition

An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.

Usage

Mandatory

User instruction

Use an URI to point to the resource (metadata).
If the metadata record has one related object file, then dc:identifier contains a link (uri) to the object file OR to a jump off page.
If the metadata record has more than one related object files, then dc:identifier contains a link (uri) to a jump off page.

Jump off pages must also be used when linking to a pre- or postprint, HTML version or any other situation where additional info must be given to the user.

Do not confuse with

dc:source and dc:relation

Refinements

Example

Open URL syntax example:

http://sfx.leidenuniv.nl:9003/sfx_local?sid=SilverPlatter:MEDS&isbn=&atitle=Future%20training%20needs%20in%20the%20pharmaceutical%20sciences%3a%20academia%20--%20industry%2e&title=European-journal-of-pharmaceutical-sciences-official-journal-of-the-European-Federation-for-Pharmaceutical-Sciences&issn=0928-0987&date=2001&volume=12&issue=4&spage=347&pid=%3CAN%3E11231100%3C/AN%3E%3CAU%3EBreimer%2c-D-D%3C/AU%3E

where 'openurl' represents the 'base url'-part and 'sid' the 'source id'-part.

The Open url points to the services window of the open url resolver, in the example: the SFX services window. In the open url approach one cannot point to the object itself.

The handle system used in DSpace for example also points to a jump off page. See for instance: http://hdl.handle.net/1765/1473

On this page the url to the object can also be found:
https://ep.eur.nl/retrieve/3344/ERS+2004+058+LIS.pdf

but there is not a necessarily nor intrinsic relation between the two URIs.

Also a doi can be used as an uri-- see for instance: doi:10.1016/j.jcss.2003.10.001

Scheme

Dcterms

Further information

Open URL: See also: http://library.caltech.edu/openurl/
handle: http://www.handle.net
DOI: http://www.doi.org/

Property

Encoding Scheme

Value

dc:title

Studying E-Journal User Behavior Using Log Files

dc:creator

Yu, L.

dc:creator

Apps, A.

dc:subject

dcterms:DDC

020

dc:subject

dcterms:LCC

Z671

dc:publisher

Elsevier

dc:type

dcterms:DCMIType

Text

dcterms:issued

dcterms:W3CDTF

2000

dcterms:isPartOf

dcterms:URI

urn: ISSN:0740-8188

dcterms:bibliographicCitation

Library and Information Science Research 22(3), 311-338. (2000)

Element name

Source

DCMI definition

A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived.

Usage

Optional

User instruction

The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.
Best practice: Use only when the described resource is the result of digitization of non-digital originals. Otherwise, use Relation.

Use: Guidelines for Encoding Bibliographic Citation Information in Dublin Core Metadata (http://epub.mimas.ac.uk/DC/dc-citation-guidelines/) For bibliographic citations for journal articles and for bibliographic citations for a resource within its own metadata

Do not confuse with

dc:relation and dc:identifier

Refinements

Bibl. Citation (Optional) [DCMI:] A bibliographic reference for the resource.

Example

<dc:source>Ecology Letters (1461023X) vol.4 (2001)</dc:source>
<dc:source>ISSN: 0928-0987</dc:source>

Scheme

ISSN, ISBN

Element name

Language

DCMI definition

A language of the intellectual content of the resource.

Usage

Recommended

User instruction

A specific resource (an instance of scientific output) is either written in one human readable language or more. In these cases all used languages are used in the DC element 'language'. If a specific resource (an instance of scientific output) is written in one human readable language and is translated into other human readable languages, these translations are distinguished from the original version and therefore described separately.
Best Practice: we use Arent Bosman (Delft University of Technology) pointed out the W3.org rule for the correct "Choice of language tag". ISO 639-1 and by doing so we follow:
http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-lang-2or3.html

where is stated:

Rule 2 in Section 2.3, Choice of language tag, in RFC 3066, says:
"When a language has both an ISO 639-1 2-character code and an ISO 639-2
3-character code, you MUST use the tag derived from the ISO 639-1
2-character code."

ISO 639-1 is the alpha-2 code. Multiple codes for the same language are to be considered synonyms.
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
If necessary, repeat this element to indicate multiple languages.

Mandatory value for the Dutch language [ISO 639-1]: "nl".

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

-

Examples

<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:language>nl</dc:language>

Scheme

ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, see: http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
RFC 1766
RFC 3066

Element name

Relation

DCMI definition

The reference to a related resource.

Usage

Recommended

User instruction

Recommended best practice is to reference the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.
The DC element 'relation' can be used to indicate different kinds of relations between several metadata records

If relations between metadata records are made visible by using metadata the following holds for the distinction between versions.

• A metadata record is self-contained
  
• Different manifestations of one and the same resource (an instance of scientific output) [that can be described with exactly the same bibliographic metadata, except for the DC element 'format'] are linked to one single metadata record
  
• Changes in the metadata other than the DC element 'format' leads to creating a new metadata record of this new instance of scientific output, which is meets all requirements formulated in this document and has a value in the DC element 'relation', with one of the refinements below, e.g.:
  
  <dcterms:hasversion>uri previousversion</dcterms:hasversion>
  
  where uri previous version is the value of the DC element 'identifier' of the referenced (previous) metadata record.
  

Do not confuse with

dc:identifier and dc:source.

Refinements

Isversionof (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is a version, edition, or adaptation of the referenced resource. Changes in version imply substantive changes in content rather than differences in format.
Hasversion (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource has a version, edition, or adaptation, namely, the referenced resource.
Replacedby (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is supplanted, displaced, or superseded by the referenced resource.
Replaces (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource supplants, displaces, or supersedes the referenced resource.
Requiredby (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is required by the referenced resource, either physically or logically.
Requires (recommended) [DCMI:} The described resource requires the referenced resource to support its function, delivery, or coherence of content.
Ispartof (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is a physical or logical part of the referenced resource.
Haspart (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource includes the referenced resource either physically or logically.
Isreferredby (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the referenced resource.
References (recommended) {DCMI:} The described resource references, cites, or otherwise points to the referenced resource.
Isformatof (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource is the same intellectual content of the referenced resource, but presented in another format.
HasFormat (recommended) [DCMI:] The described resource pre-existed the referenced resource, which is essentially the same intellectual content presented in another format.
Conformsto (recommended) [DCMI:] A reference to an established standard to which the resource conforms.

Example

<dc:relation:haspreviousversion>uri</dc:relation:haspreviousversion>
<dc:relation:haspreviousversion>http://hdl.handle.net/1765/1473 </dc:relation:haspreviousversion>

where uri is the value of the DC element 'identifier' of the referenced metadata record.

Scheme

-

Element name

Coverage

DCMI definition

The extent or scope of the content of the resource. Coverage will typically include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity).

Usage

Optional

User instruction

Recommended best practice is to select the value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names or TGN) and that, where appropriate, named places or time periods be used in preference to numeric identifiers as, for example, sets of co-ordinates or date ranges.
If necessary, repeat this element to encode multiple locations or periods.

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

Spatial (Optional) [DCMI:] Spatial characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource.
Temporal (Optional) [DCMI:] Temporal characteristics of the intellectual content of the resource.

Examples

Example Spatial - ISO 3166
<dc: coverage >NL</dc:coverage>

Example Spatial - BOX
<dc: coverage > name=Western Australia; northlimit=-13.5; southlimit=-35.5; westlimit=112.5; eastlimit=129</dc:coverage>

Note ad BOX: The syntax used here is provisional, and is currently under review as part of the DCMI work on recommending coordinated syntax recommendations for HTML, XML, and RDF. These recommendations and minor editorial changes in this document can be expected to take place in the near future.

Scheme

Point http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-point/
ISO 3166 http://www.iso.ch/iso/en/prods-services/iso3166ma/02iso-3166-code-lists/index.html
Box http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-box/
TGN http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabulary/tgn/
Period

Element name

Rights

DCMI definition

Information about rights held in and over the resource.

Usage

Mandatory

User instruction

Typically, a Rights element will contain a rights management statement for the access or use of the object, or reference a service providing such information. Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property Rights.

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

Access rights (Mandatory if formulated) [DCMI:] Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status.
License (optional) [DCMI:] A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. Recommended best practice is to identify the license using a URI. Examples of such licenses can be found at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/.
Rights holder (optional) [DCMI:] A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Recommended best practice is to use the URI or name of the Rights Holder to indicate the entity.

Examples

<dc:rights>(c) University of Bath, 2003</dc:rights>
<dc:rights>(c) Andrew Smith, 2003</dc:rights>

Scheme

-

Element name

Audience

DCMI definition

A class of entity for whom the resource is intended or useful.

Usage

Optional

User instruction

A class of entity may be determined by the creator or the publisher or by a third party.
On the U.S. Department of Education, Metadata Reference site, an example is given of audiences: http://www.ed.gov/admin/reference/index.jsp :

Administrators
Community Groups
Counsellors
Federal Funds Recipients and Applicants
Librarians
News Media
Other
Parents and Families
Policymakers
Researchers
School Support Staff
Student Financial Aid Providers
Students
Teachers

Do not confuse with

-

Refinements

Mediator (Optional) [DCMI:] A class of entity that mediates access to the resource and for whom the resource is intended or useful.
Education level (Optional) [DCMI:] A general statement describing the education or training context. Alternatively, a more specific statement of the location of the audience in terms of its progression through an education or training context.

Examples

<dc: audience>Researchers</dc: audience>
<dc: audience> Students </dc: audience>

Scheme

-